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<title>Hand scraper</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hand scraper</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the woodworking handtool, see <a href="Card_scraper" title="Card scraper">Card scraper</a>.</div>

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<p>A <b>hand scraper</b> is a single-edged tool used to scrape metal or other materials from a surface. This may be required where a surface needs to be <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/true" class="extiw external" title="wikt:true">trued</a>, corrected for fit to a mating part, retain oil (usually on a freshly ground surface), or be given a decorative finish.

</p><p><a href="Surface_plate" title="Surface plate">Surface plates</a> were traditionally made by scraping.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore1970_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore1970-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three raw cast surface plates (plates that have been "seasoned" by having their residual stress relieved and receiving suitable surface treatments, but which remain unfinished), a <b>flat scraper</b> (as pictured at the top of the image), and a quantity of <a href="Engineer's_blue" title="Engineer's blue">engineer's blue</a> (or <a href="Lead(II%2CIV)_oxide" title="Lead(II,IV) oxide">red lead</a>) were all that was required in the way of tools.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The scraper in the center of the image is a <b>three corner scraper</b> and is typically used to <a href="Deburr" class="mw-redirect" title="Deburr">deburr</a> holes or the internal surface of bush-type <a href="Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">bearings</a>. Bushes are typically made from <a href="Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> or a <a href="White_metal" title="White metal">white metal</a>.

</p><p>The scraper pictured at the bottom is a <b>curved scraper</b>. It has a slight curve in its profile and is also suitable for bush bearings, typically the longer ones.

</p><p>One advantage of scraping is the ability to take the tool to the workpiece; this can be useful when the workpiece weighs several tons and is difficult to move.

</p><p>It is done by using a precision surface such as a surface plate or a straightedge as a standard (a straightedge in this context is not a ruler; it is a miniature surface plate of extreme accuracy). The standard is coated with a very thin coating of a material such as <a href="Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a>. The workpiece and standard are touched together by gravity alone, and the high spots on the work piece are colored by the dye on the standard. These high spots are scraped off and the process is repeated until there is an even spread of high spots which total about 60% or more of the surface area. Coarse scraping gives a resulting surface with 5-10 points per square inch while fine scraping yields 24-36 points per square inch. If desired, the surface can then be "frosted". A surface prepared in this way is superior in overall accuracy to any prepared by machining or grinding operations, although lapping can equal or exceed it over small distances. Grinding and machining stresses the metal thermally and mechanically, while scraping and lapping do not.

</p><p>Scraping is the only method for producing an original set of flat surfaces whose accuracy can be transferred through to other surfaces by means of grinding. <a href="Lapping" title="Lapping">Lapping</a> and <a href="Grinding_machine" title="Grinding machine">grinding</a> do not achieve the long-distance flatness that scraping can, as they act on the entire surface rather than local high or low spots.

</p><p>With <a href="Surface_grinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface grinder">precision-ground</a> surfaces, any oil film applied to the surface will lack the means to adhere to the surface, especially between two mating parts of exceptional finish. The oil film will instead be swept away, leaving nothing but bare metal and the risk of seizure. Carefully scraping the surface will leave the original high-quality surface intact while providing many shallow depressions where the oil film can maintain its depth and <a href="Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a>. When scraping is used for this purpose, it is more accurately called "frosting", "spotting", or "flaking" as opposed to fully scraping an accurate surface. Typically, a scraped surface is scraped to highly accurate flatness, and then "frosting" is applied over it for oil retention. It is claimed to stop the so-called "stick-slip" phenomenon where a machine member might move in a jerky fashion rather than moving smoothly, allowing vibration and chatter. Such frosting will increase oil retention but will also drastically reduce bearing area and capacity. There is no possibility of achieving hydrodynamic bearing performance on normal sliding machine ways. The velocity is far too low. Most of the time, the ways will run under boundary lubrication conditions, while at the highest speeds, it might achieve mixed lubrication. This makes oil additives important in ways lubrication. However, this view is somewhat contradicted by the external link "Scraping methods".

</p><p>Hand scraping leaves a distinctive pattern on the scraped surface. This can be suggestive of a high level of precision in the ways; however, sometimes a surface can be marked to appear hand scraped, but it is really just a superficial surface treatment designed to give the impression of a scraped machine way.

</p><p>Hand scraping can also be done by a power tool that has a reciprocating blade and is usually adjustable for stroke length and number of strokes per minute.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Moore1970-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moore1970_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore1970">Moore 1970</a></span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFPeregrin" class="citation web cs1">Peregrin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180419174532/http://metalscraping.com/w2-Preview.html">"Metal Scraping Principles and Practice: A Working Guide"</a>. <i>metalscraping.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metalscraping.com">the original</a> on 19 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMoore1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="Wayne_Moore_(swimmer)" title="Wayne Moore (swimmer)">Moore, Wayne R.</a> (1970), <i>Foundations of Mechanical Accuracy</i> (1st ed.), Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA: Moore Tool Company, Inc., <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/73127307">73127307</a></cite>. <i>Moore's monograph is a seminal classic of the principles of <a href="Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">machine tool</a> design and construction that yield the highest possible <a href="Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">accuracy and precision</a> in machine tools. The Moore firm epitomizes the art and science of the <a href="Tool_and_die_maker" title="Tool and die maker">tool and die maker</a>.</i></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moglice.com/articles/straight_talk/straighttalk.html">Scraping methods</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070330133310/http://gfish.livejournal.com/187606.html">Hand Scraping Class</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circuitousroot.com/artifice/machine-shop/surface-finishing/hand-scraping/index.html">History of metal scraping</a>.</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metalworking238" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Metalworking238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Metalworking_tools333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Metalworking tools</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cutting machines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

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<li><a href="Water_jet_cutter" title="Water jet cutter">Water jet cutter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cutting tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Broaching_(metalworking)" title="Broaching (metalworking)">Broach</a></li>

<li><a href="Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterbore" title="Counterbore">Counterbore</a></li>

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<li><a href="Milling_cutter" title="Milling cutter">Milling cutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Nibbler" title="Nibbler">Nibbler</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxy-fuel_welding_and_cutting" title="Oxy-fuel welding and cutting">Oxy-fuel cutting torch</a></li>

<li><a href="Reamer" title="Reamer">Reamer</a></li>

<li><a href="Shear_(sheet_metal)" title="Shear (sheet metal)">Shears</a></li>

<li><a href="Tipped_tool" title="Tipped tool">Tipped tool</a></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Brake_(sheet_metal_bending)" title="Brake (sheet metal bending)">Brake</a></li>

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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Metalworking_hand_tool" title="Metalworking hand tool">Hand tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamp</a></li>

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<li><a href="Needlegun_scaler" title="Needlegun scaler">Needlegun scaler</a></li>

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<li><a href="Scriber" title="Scriber">Scriber</a></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Angle_plate" title="Angle plate">Angle plate</a></li>

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<li><a href="Magnetic_switchable_device" title="Magnetic switchable device">Magnetic switchable device</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotary_table" title="Rotary table">Rotary table</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiggler_(tool)" title="Wiggler (tool)">Wiggler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measuring instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bore_gauge" title="Bore gauge">Bore gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Calipers" title="Calipers">Caliper</a></li>

<li><a href="Center_gauge" title="Center gauge">Center gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Indicator_(distance_amplifying_instrument)" title="Indicator (distance amplifying instrument)">Dial indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineer's_blue" title="Engineer's blue">Engineer's blue</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineer's_spirit_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineer's spirit level">Engineer's spirit level</a></li>

<li><a href="Feeler_gauge" title="Feeler gauge">Feeler gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Gauge_block" title="Gauge block">Gauge block</a></li>

<li><a href="Go/no_go_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Go/no go gauge">Go/no go gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Height_gauge" title="Height gauge">Height gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Machinist_square" title="Machinist square">Machinist square</a></li>

<li><a href="Marking_blue" title="Marking blue">Marking blue</a></li>

<li><a href="Marking_gauge" title="Marking gauge">Marking gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Marking_out" title="Marking out">Marking out</a></li>

<li><a href="Micrometer_(device)" title="Micrometer (device)">Micrometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_comparator" title="Optical comparator">Optical comparator</a></li>

<li><a href="Radius_gauge" title="Radius gauge">Radius gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruler" title="Ruler">Ruler</a></li>

<li><a href="Straightedge" title="Straightedge">Straightedge</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_plate" title="Surface plate">Surface plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Tape_measure" title="Tape measure">Tape measure</a></li>

<li><a href="Thread_pitch_gauge" title="Thread pitch gauge">Thread pitch gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernier_scale" title="Vernier scale">Vernier scale</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">Smithing tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anvil" title="Anvil">Anvil</a></li>

<li><a href="Forge" title="Forge">Forge</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuller_(metalworking)" title="Fuller (metalworking)">Fuller</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardy_tool" title="Hardy tool">Hardy tools</a></li>

<li><a href="Pritchel" title="Pritchel">Pritchel</a></li>

<li><a href="Steam_hammer" title="Steam hammer">Steam hammer</a></li>

<li><a href="Swage_block" title="Swage block">Swage block</a></li>

<li><a href="Trip_hammer" title="Trip hammer">Trip hammer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Casting" title="Casting">Casting</a></li>

<li><a href="Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">Fabrication</a></li>

<li><a href="Forming_processes" title="Forming processes">Forming</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li>

<li><a href="Machining" title="Machining">Machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li>

<li><a href="Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">Smithing</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_metalworking" title="Outline of metalworking">Tools and terminology</a></li>

<li><a href="Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cutting_and_abrasive_tools718" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cutting_and_abrasive_tools718" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Cutting" title="Cutting">Cutting</a> and <a href="Abrasive" title="Abrasive">abrasive</a> tools</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Blade" title="Blade">Blade</a></li>

<li><a href="Bolt_cutter" title="Bolt cutter">Bolt cutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Broaching_(metalworking)" title="Broaching (metalworking)">Broach</a></li>

<li><a href="Burnisher" title="Burnisher">Burnisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceramic_tile_cutter" title="Ceramic tile cutter">Ceramic tile cutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li>

<li><a href="Countersink" title="Countersink">Countersink</a></li>

<li><a href="Cutting_tool_(machining)" title="Cutting tool (machining)">Cutting tool</a></li>

<li><a href="Diagonal_pliers" title="Diagonal pliers">Diagonal pliers</a></li>

<li><a href="Diamond_blade" title="Diamond blade">Diamond blade</a></li>

<li><a href="Diamond_tool" title="Diamond tool">Diamond tool</a></li>

<li><a href="Disc_cutter" title="Disc cutter">Disc cutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Drawknife" title="Drawknife">Drawknife</a></li>

<li><a href="Drill_bit" title="Drill bit">Drill bit</a></li>

<li><a href="Emery_cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Emery cloth">Emery cloth</a></li>

<li><a href="Glass_cutter" title="Glass cutter">Glass cutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Grater" title="Grater">Grater</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_wheel" title="Grinding wheel">Grinding wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Honing_steel" title="Honing steel">Honing steel</a></li>

<li><a href="Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li>

<li><a href="Laser_cutting" title="Laser cutting">Laser</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawn_mower" title="Lawn mower">Lawn mower</a></li>

<li><a href="Machete" title="Machete">Machete</a></li>

<li><a href="Meat_slicer" title="Meat slicer">Meat slicer</a></li>

<li><a href="Mezzaluna" title="Mezzaluna">Mezzaluna</a></li>

<li><a href="Milling_cutter" title="Milling cutter">Milling cutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Nail_clipper" title="Nail clipper">Nail clipper</a></li>

<li><a href="Nibbler" title="Nibbler">Nibbler</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxy-fuel_welding_and_cutting" title="Oxy-fuel welding and cutting">Oxy-fuel cutting torch</a></li>

<li><a href="Pencil_sharpener" title="Pencil sharpener">Pencil sharpener</a></li>

<li><a href="Pipecutter" title="Pipecutter">Pipecutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Pizza_cutter" title="Pizza cutter">Pizza cutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Plasma_cutting" title="Plasma cutting">Plasma cutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">Plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Pocket_knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket knife">Pocket knife</a></li>

<li><a href="Putty_knife" title="Putty knife">Putty knife</a></li>

<li><a href="Razor" title="Razor">Razor</a></li>

<li><a href="Razor_strop" title="Razor strop">Razor strop</a></li>

<li><a href="Reamer" title="Reamer">Reamer</a></li>

<li><a href="Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Abrasive_saw" title="Abrasive saw">Abrasive saw</a></li>

<li><a href="Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">Circular saw</a></li>

<li><a href="Concrete_saw" title="Concrete saw">Concrete saw</a></li>

<li><a href="Coping_saw" title="Coping saw">Coping saw</a></li>

<li><a href="Fretsaw" title="Fretsaw">Fretsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Hacksaw" title="Hacksaw">Hacksaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter saw</a></li>

<li><a href="Scalpel" title="Scalpel">Scalpel</a></li>

<li><a href="Scissors" title="Scissors">Scissors</a></li>

<li>Scraper

<li><a href="Paint_scraper" class="mw-redirect" title="Paint scraper">Paint</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sharpening_jig" title="Sharpening jig">Sharpening jig</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharpening_stone" title="Sharpening stone">Sharpening stone</a></li>

<li><a href="Snips" title="Snips">Snips</a></li>

<li><a href="Steel_wool" title="Steel wool">Steel wool</a></li>

<li><a href="Surform" title="Surform">Surform</a></li>

<li><a href="Switchblade" title="Switchblade">Switchblade</a></li>

<li><a href="Utility_knife" title="Utility knife">Utility knife</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_jet_cutter" title="Water jet cutter">Water jet cutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Wire_brush" title="Wire brush">Wire brush</a></li>

<li><a href="Wire_stripper" title="Wire stripper">Wire stripper</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist">

<dl><dt>Types of tools</dt>

<dd>Cleaning</dd>

<dd>Cutting and abrasive</dd>

<dd>Forestry</dd>

<dd>Garden</dd>

<dd>Kitchen</dd>

<dd>Machine and metalworking</dd>

<dd>Masonry</dd>

<dd>Measuring and alignment</dd>

<dd>Mining</dd>

<dd>Power</dd>

<dd>Textile</dd>

<dd>Woodworking</dd></dl>

</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-26" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Hand_scraper&oldid=1277764325">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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